"You need to know the normal before you can determine the abnormal."
Knowledge in Anatomy and Physiology is paramount before tackling advance Nursing Courses. It is the reason why Anatomy and Physiology class is taken first before professional courses like Pathophysiology, Medical Surgical Nursing, Maternal and Child Nursing and Psychiatric Nursing.Anatomy and Physiology is a good foundation when you already try to study illnesses. This A&P Lecture Series is designed to help students develop a solid understanding of the concepts of anatomy and physiology and to use this knowledge to solve problems.
Homeostasis is defined as the body's continuous maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. Homeostasis is also defined as the condition of equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment beacuse to the constant interaction of the different regulatory processes in the body. Homeostasis is a dynamic condition. In response to changing conditions, the body’s equilibrium can shift among points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life.
Such Homeostatic mechanisms, such as sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or set point. It is important to note that these mechanisms are not able to maintain body temperature precisely at the set point. Instead, body temperature increases and decreases slightly around the set point to produce a normal range of values. As long as body temperature remains within this normal range, homeostasis is maintained.
The organ systems help control the body ’s internal environment so that it remains relatively constant. For example, the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and urinary systems function together so that each cell in the body receives adequate oxygen and nutrients and so that waste products do not accumulate to a toxic level. If the fluid surrounding cells deviates from homeostasis, the cells do not function normally and can even die. Disease disrupts homeostasis and sometimes results in death.
Body Fluids and Electrolytes and Acid Base Balance
An integral aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids, dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them. This s a pivotal concept in understanding the mechanism of fluid and electrolyte movement inside the body.
A good example s when the inside of a cell has more fluid in it compared to its surrounding environment, the body will activate several mechanism to equalize the pressure gradient between these two compartments.
***This concept will be further explained in the upcoming lecture notes on Fluid and Electrolytes and Acid Base Balace.
Control
The body has many regulating systems that can usually bring the internal environment back into balance. Most often, the nervous system and the endocrine system, working together or independently, provide the needed corrective measures. Both means of regulation, however, work toward the same end, usually through negative feedback systems.
Feedback System
A feedback system or feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Parts
1. A receptor is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
2. A control center in the body, for example, the brain, sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.
3. An effector is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
Negative Feedback
Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback mechanisms, which maintain homeostasis. Negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.
Positive Feedback
Positive-feedback responses are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals. Positive implies that, when a deviation from a normal value occurs, the system ’s response is to make the deviation even greater.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE 2
HOMEOSTASIS
Such Homeostatic mechanisms, such as sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or set point. It is important to note that these mechanisms are not able to maintain body temperature precisely at the set point. Instead, body temperature increases and decreases slightly around the set point to produce a normal range of values. As long as body temperature remains within this normal range, homeostasis is maintained.
The organ systems help control the body ’s internal environment so that it remains relatively constant. For example, the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and urinary systems function together so that each cell in the body receives adequate oxygen and nutrients and so that waste products do not accumulate to a toxic level. If the fluid surrounding cells deviates from homeostasis, the cells do not function normally and can even die. Disease disrupts homeostasis and sometimes results in death.
Body Fluids and Electrolytes and Acid Base Balance
An integral aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids, dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them. This s a pivotal concept in understanding the mechanism of fluid and electrolyte movement inside the body.
A good example s when the inside of a cell has more fluid in it compared to its surrounding environment, the body will activate several mechanism to equalize the pressure gradient between these two compartments.
***This concept will be further explained in the upcoming lecture notes on Fluid and Electrolytes and Acid Base Balace.
Control
The body has many regulating systems that can usually bring the internal environment back into balance. Most often, the nervous system and the endocrine system, working together or independently, provide the needed corrective measures. Both means of regulation, however, work toward the same end, usually through negative feedback systems.
Feedback System
A feedback system or feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Parts
1. A receptor is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
2. A control center in the body, for example, the brain, sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.
3. An effector is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
Negative Feedback
Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback mechanisms, which maintain homeostasis. Negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.
Positive Feedback
Positive-feedback responses are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals. Positive implies that, when a deviation from a normal value occurs, the system ’s response is to make the deviation even greater.
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